Agata Kleczkowska, PhD – Assistant Professor at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Her research interests include, but are not limited to, the threat and use of force, hybrid threats, statehood, recognition and retorsions. In 2018 she continued her research on armed non-state actors with the Fellowship at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law. Member of the legal expert pool of the European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats (since 2019) and of the ILA Study Group on the Role of Cities in International Law (since 2020). Rapporteur at the Oxford International Organizations (since 2016).