On 14 April 2025, the High Court in South Africa handed down judgment in a challenge by two accused to charges brought against them by South Africa’s National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). The charges concern an attack on 15 February 1982 by the South African Police on the COSAS 4—Eustice Madikela, Peter Matabane, Fanyana Nhlapo and…

In recent years, States have begun to discuss and assess whether and when they may cooperate in the taking of countermeasures. The question has arisen most prominently in debates about the application of international law to cyber operations in light of the fact that cyber-capabilities vary significantly among States, making some more vulnerable to malicious cyber-operations, as well…

Introduction  In the last few years, the term ‘collective countermeasures’ has at times been used to refer to two conceptually distinct claims. It has continued to be used to refer to the idea that a State other than an injured State, in the sense of Article 48 of the ILC Articles on State Responsibility, may take…