On April 27, 2025, an unexpected rise in water levels of the Jhelum river in Pakistan-Administered Kashmir [‘PAK’] caused flooding in the region, with residents struggling to ‘protect lives and property’. A week later, India again released water from dams in Indian-Administered Kashmir [‘IAK’] without notifying Pakistan that water levels in the Chenab river would rise as a result. These incidents come days after India announced that the ‘Indus Waters Treaty, 1960 will be held in abeyance with immediate effect until Pakistan credibly and irrevocably abjures its support for cross-border terrorism’.
Customary International Law
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Territorial Annexation and Custom: Are we at an Inflection Point in the System of International Law and Relations?
Recent geopolitical events have intensified debates on the norms governing territorial integrity under international law. The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Israel’s continued military activities in the occupied Palestinian territories, and Morocco’s assertive claims over Western Sahara highlight growing concerns about the erosion of the prohibition against forcible annexation. A parallel issue is…
Immunity of State Officials: A Jus Cogens Criteria for Draft Article 7?
Immunities of state officials are a subject matter in international law that continues to raise tensions between States. The seventy-sixth session of the International Law Commission (ILC) will take place in Geneva from April 14 to May 30 and June 30 to July 31, 2025. One of the topics to be discussed on the agenda is the Immunity…
Applying the Litmus Test: An Independent Norm Under Customary International Law to Prohibit Secondary Sanctions?
We can witness in real time how the Trump administration is devastating international relations as well as the international legal order. Sanctions form an integral part of this disruptive behaviour, as they attribute political and economic weight to the US’ foreign policy agendas (see e.g. here; here). One particular tool to maximize these aspired…
A customary rule against unilateral economic sanctions of the nature of the Helms-Burton Act? Regarding another (potential) vote in the United Nations General Assembly against the “bloqueo”
Introduction Presumably, in November 2024, within the framework of the General Assembly session, Cuba will once again submit a resolution for a vote emphasising the “Necessity of ending the economic, commercial, and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba”. This is an opportune moment to analyse whether the overwhelming support of the…
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